When I click view new posts, I don't see page numbers for the threads. It just goes to the first post, and then I have to click the last page. Extra steps!

It does that for me in certain browsers sometimes.

Click the time under the username on the far right to go directly to that post. Or just to the right of the last post username on mobile, under the thread title.

I used to see those numbers all the time, though. Was something changed recently, or is it just on my end?

No idea, I don't normally use the new posts feature so I don't know when they disappeared.

Edit: I actually see the pagination links for all the threads with more than 1 page. Do you not see any at all?

Edit 2: It's a page width issue. If your screen is too small it starts reformatting the stuff to fit on the screen better. After a certain point the pagination links are the first to be removed to free up space for the other elements in each row.